Non invasive ventilation for respiratory failure following abdominal surgery

From a recent JAMA paper:

Importance It has not been established whether noninvasive ventilation (NIV) reduces the need for invasive mechanical ventilation in patients who develop hypoxemic acute respiratory failure after abdominal surgery.

Objective To evaluate whether noninvasive ventilation improves outcomes among patients developing hypoxemic acute respiratory failure after abdominal surgery.

Design, Setting, and Participants Multicenter, randomized, parallel-group clinical trial conducted between May 2013 and September 2014 in 20 French intensive care units among 293 patients who had undergone abdominal surgery and developed hypoxemic respiratory failure (partial oxygen pressure less than 60 mm Hg or oxygen saturation [Spo2] less than or equal to 90% when breathing room air or less than 80 mm Hg when breathing 15 L/min of oxygen, plus either [1] a respiratory rate above 30/min or [2] clinical signs suggestive of intense respiratory muscle work and/or labored breathing) if it occurred within 7 days after surgical procedure.

Interventions Patients were randomly assigned to receive standard oxygen therapy (up to 15 L/min to maintain Spo2 of 94% or higher) (n = 145) or NIV delivered via facial mask (inspiratory pressure support level, 5-15 cm H2O; positive end-expiratory pressure, 5-10 cm H2O; fraction of inspired oxygen titrated to maintain Spo2 greater than or equal to 94%) (n = 148).

Main Outcomes and Measures The primary outcome was tracheal reintubation for any cause within 7 days of randomization. Secondary outcomes were gas exchange, invasive ventilation–free days at day 30, health care–associated infections, and 90-day mortality.

Results Among the 293 patients (mean age, 63.4 [SD, 13.8] years; n=224 men) included in the intention-to-treat analysis, reintubation occurred in 49 of 148 (33.1%) in the NIV group and in 66 of 145 (45.5%) in the standard oxygen therapy group within+ 7 days after randomization (absolute difference, −12.4%; 95% CI, −23.5% to −1.3%; P = .03). Noninvasive ventilation was associated with significantly more invasive ventilation–free days compared with standard oxygen therapy (25.4 vs 23.2 days; absolute difference, −2.2 days; 95% CI, −0.1 to 4.6 days; P = .04), while fewer patients developed health care–associated infections (43/137 [31.4%] vs 63/128 [49.2%]; absolute difference, −17.8%; 95% CI, −30.2% to −5.4%; P = .003). At 90 days, 22 of 148 patients (14.9%) in the NIV group and 31 of 144 (21.5%) in the standard oxygen therapy group had died (absolute difference, −6.5%; 95% CI, −16.0% to 3.0%; P = .15). There were no significant differences in gas exchange.

Conclusions and Relevance Among patients with hypoxemic respiratory failure following abdominal surgery, use of NIV compared with standard oxygen therapy reduced the risk of tracheal reintubation within 7 days. These findings support use of NIV in this setting.