This was a recent topic of an evidence summary posted at The Bottom Line according to which the only universally accepted indication is for cirrhotic patients hospitalized with UGI bleeding while they're in the hospital (and maybe for a few days after). For non-bleeding ascitic patients with other risk factors, while a prior history of SBP seems to be a strong factor in favor of prophylaxis, the recommendations are all over the map, (and I checked Up to Date regarding this) reflecting the less than optimal quality of available evidence.
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